social security Essay - 1234 Words

In reading the book â€Å"Social Security and the Family† I learned a lot about the system that I had no idea about before. The book was fact filled and almost fun to read the need to know information. I gained much knowledge in the specifics of why the social security system is in need of reform, and why it will be inadequate in the years to come. One of the reasons our social security system isn’t working is because, â€Å"Social Security was modeled on the single-earner, married-couple family† (1). Times have changed dramatically since then. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When assessing the issues and current structure of the security system for change, â€Å"Four elements characterize the objectives of most tax expenditure programs, including Social†¦show more content†¦This absolutely violates the principle of horizontal equity. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The fourth and final objective discussed is efficiency, â€Å"which translates into trying to achieve the greatest good for lowest cost. One measure of efficiency is whether the effect of additional earnings on lifetime benefits of a couple is the same when only on spouse works and when both spouses work† (182). This also stems back into our class discussions in the subject of economic efficiency and how being most efficient when the consumer (Social Security beneficiary) and the producer (Social Security system funds) are both at a surplus. Before reading the books I never anticipated being able to connect it to the Public Policy class so readily. More importantly these policies mustn’t be overlookednbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; . nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The central argument of the book is to solve the problem of insufficient funds. Our system now is flawedShow MoreRelatedSocial Security999 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Security History, Current Structure and Calculation of Benefits The Social Security Act was implemented in 1935, after the stock market crash had wiped out the savings of millions of Americans, the nation reached out to their president to guarantee the elderly a decent income. The original Act provides retirement benefits payable to a person 65 years and older who were no longer working. There were very few people that had access to pension from their employers and through government pensionRead MoreSocial Security1185 Words   |  5 Pages) ADM653: SOCIAL SECURITY AND EMPLOYEE BENEFITS ADMINISTRATION TOPIC: DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN UNITED STATES PREPARED BY: AFIQAH BINTI MAD KASSIM 2013455736 ALIA ATIQQAH BINTI ADENAN 2013 FIQRIN HANIS BINTI ROSLI 2013488894 INTAN SURAIYAH BINTI RAMAT 2013460818 NUR AMILY BINTI ZAINUDDIN 2013439594 GROUP: S3BA5G (SEPT 2015) PREPARED FOR: SIR SUHAIMI BIN ABD SAMAD SUBMISSION DATE: 13 OCTOBER 2015 1.0 Introduction United States Social Security AdministrationRead MoreSocial Security And Economic Security1311 Words   |  6 Pages In 2033 a retiree with the average Social Security benefits of $1,294 will only receive 77% of this number or $996. This average retiree pays the average monthly costs for a single adult in Grand Rapids, Michigan of $1,323. This shows Social Security benefits today are sinking below the amount necessary to live. In the case the benefits are cut further, living on benefits will be impossible. This stays true to the 20% of retirees who rely on Social Security for all of their income. To make a trulyRead MoreSocial Security And Economic Security1582 Words   |  7 PagesIn 18 years, Social Security benefits could drop so that millions will not have the money to survive. On the other hand, it could not exist entirely. Social Security funds are sinking due to its history, its inability to obtain funds, and the retirement of the Baby Boomer generation. To make a truly accurate evaluation of Social Security one must look at the past, present, and future of the program which is depicted in the following paragraphs through the program’s history, its costs, and finallyRead MoreSocial Security : A Social Problem3610 Words   |  15 PagesThe social security deficit is one that consumes the economy in the greatest way possible, whether man is aware of it or not. Social Security is an insurance plan the working class earns their beneficial coverage due to their work hours and tax paying on their earnings. The program is for the disabled and for those who can longer work due to health issues, or because of the retirement age that is required to have reached and some have met. To solve the social security dilemma some of the actionsRead MoreEssay on Social Security1184 Words   |  5 Pages Social Security nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Social Security is a public program designed to provide income and services to individuals in the event of retirement, sickness, disability, death, or unemployment. In the United States, the word social security refers to the programs established in 1935 under the Social Security Act. Societies throughout history have devised ways to support people who cannot support themselves. In 1937 the government began issuing Social Security identification cardsRead MoreEssay On Social Security1655 Words   |  7 PagesThat’s why America created a system called social security in 1935, this system is to help those who are older and have disabilities. (see staff.) Social security has three main part: first is the objective and comprehensive introduction to the American social security system; the second is the information authority, novel, the policies and data are from the US government and the legislature; third is the academic and practical combination of the US social security system Of the policy practice at theRead MoreThe Social Security System1442 Words   |  6 Pageshave faced the uncertainties brought on by unemployment, illness, disability, death and old age. In the realm of economics, these inevitable facets of life are said to be threats to one s economic security†- (www. ssa.gov). The 1935 Social Security Act was a giant step towards creating an economic security for the nation. However, as a person who has yet to be in the work force for 10 years I have already begun to realize that my comfort in retirement cannot rely on government funding, there are thoseRead MoreThe Benefits of Social Security1031 Words   |  4 PagesSocial security is any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income. The United States government program was established in 1935. Social security is important in the U.S. because it lifts 20 million people out of poverty. Social security has changed drastically in the past few years of our society. Today, 37 million people get social security benefits of more than $15 billion a month. One way of getting a social security is to gain employment. TheRead MoreEssay on Social Security782 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Security The purpose of this paper is to analyze social security so as to show the reader what makes it beneficial to us today. . Throughout my life the words social and security have meant little more to me than the representation of a small blue card in my wallet, a consistent and increasingly significant deduction of funds from my weekly pay-check, and a vague academically-instilled recollection of the potential for long-term future benefit. In fact, it was not until I researched

Chapter 5 Homework - 885 Words

Jazzlynn Ben Chapter 5 Problems Dr. Ennis 5.1. You were asked to investigate extremely high, unexplained merchandise shortages at a department store chain. You found the following: a. The receiving department supervisor owns and operates a boutique carrying many of the same labels as the chain store. The general manager is unaware of the ownership interest. -- It is a red flag warning so it is a fraud because there is a conflict of interest situation which should have alerted the auditor to the possibility of fraud. b. The receiving supervisor signs receiving reports showing that the total quantity shipped by a supplier was received and then diverts 5% to 10% of each shipment to the boutique. --There is a false†¦show more content†¦List two procedures you could follow to uncover John’s fraudulent behavior. 1) Trace all of the payments back to the supporting documentation. No record of the receipt of the goods would be listed in the receiving department, as well as the purchasing department. 2) Inspect the documentation supportingShow MoreRelatedBmgt 321 Chapter 5 Homework1973 Words   |  8 PagesBMGT 321 Chapter 5 Homework Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/bmgt-321-chapter-5-homework/ ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING AND ACTIVITY-BASED MANAGEMENT 5-16 (20 min.) Cost hierarchy. Forrester, Inc., manufactures karaoke machines for several well-known companies. The machines differ significantly in their complexity and their manufacturing batch sizes. The following costs were incurred in 2014: a. Indirect manufacturing labor costs such as supervision that supportsRead MoreManagerial Economics Chapter 5 and 6 Homework Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 5 Question 6 Page 218 Q = Dresses per week L= Number of labor hours per week Q = L –L2/800 MCL=$20 P= $40= therefore MR=$40 Part A: A firm maximizes profit when it equates MRPL = (MR) *(MPL) = MCL MPL= dQ/dL =1 – L/400 Therefore (40)*(1-L/400) = 20. The solution is L = 200. In turn, Q = 200 – (2002/800). The solution is Q = 150. The firms profit is= PQ – (MC)L= ($40) (150) – ($20) (200) = $2,000 Part B Price increase to $50: Q = Dresses per week L= Number of labor hoursRead MoreStatistics for Business and economics 10e homework solutions chapter 4, 5 61230 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Please complete the following problems in a Word document. Each problem is worth 3 points.   Chapter 4: 12, 14, 40 Chapter 5: 10, 22, 28 Chapter 6: 6, 16, 20, 24 Chapter 4 12. 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Would they want to live forever why or why not? * Have students fill out the anticipatory guide activity *give students the list of vocabulary words from prologue to chapter 5 *Before the students look up the words have them fill out the levelRead MoreFIN 380 Exam 2 Supplemental Homework Problems1339 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 8 Supplemental Homework/Practice Problems Solutions may be found on the FIN 380 site of i-Tunes U near the bottom of the file list under Supplemental Homework - Chapter 8 8-1. AEH, Inc. just paid a $1.00 dividend and is expected to pay a $1.06 dividend next year. What is AEH’s capital gains yield (growth rate, â€Å"g†)? 8-2. XYZ, Inc. stock sells for $50.00 and is expected to sell for $54.50 next year. What is XYZ’s capital gains yield (Hint: the percentage change in stock price isRead MoreScavenger Hunt922 Words   |  4 PagesJanuary 5, 2013 1.   What is the instructor’s name (spelling counts)?   Where did the instructor go to college? The instructor’s name is Jane Smith. 2.   What is the instructor’s email address to be used for questions and submission of projects? 3.   What day(s) of each week are Chapter homework assignments always due? Chapter homework assignments are always due on Thursdays and Sundays. Furthermore, discussions are due every Tuesday. 4.   What is the time deadline (hour:minutes, AM orRead MoreI Got Stress Of My Friend801 Words   |  4 Pagessafety tools. The types of stress do ESL student in America experiences are homework and tests, money and death of best friend. These are a majors for students have. First of all, stress of homework and tests are unhealthy. Teachers gave students too much homework, online homework and worksheets due in next day. I will get stress and how can I do that just for one day? In other hand, I will get more stress if the homework difficult. During the Tests is describe the student if he/she study well orRead MoreRingworm1178 Words   |  5 Pagesconcepts and commonly used statistical probability distributions 3. Distinguish among the different measurement scales and their uses in selecting statistical methods 4. Apply descriptive techniques commonly used to summarize public health data 5. Apply common bivariate statistical methods for inference 6. Interpret results of statistical analyses found in public health studies 7. Understand and perform sample size estimation for quantitative and qualitative data Teaching/Learning Methods: Read MoreSan Francisco State University: Spring 2013 Course Syllabus1597 Words   |  7 Pages Course: ACCT 508- Federal Tax Accounting I Prerequisite: ACCT 301 with grade of C or better, or ACCT 303 with grade of C- or better. Professor: Tim Hurley, M.B.A., J.D., LL.M. Office: SCI 355 Office Hours: M 3:00-4:00, W 5:00-7:00, TH 6:00-7:00; by appointment Office Phone: E-mail: thurley@sfsu.edu Required Text: Hoffman amp; Smith, Individual Income Taxes, South-Western Federal Taxation 2013 Spring 2013 SAN FRANCISCO STATE

Departure, Initiation, and Return free essay sample

Departure, Initiation, and Return in Jorge Luis Borges â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths† At first glance, Jorge Luis Borges short story, â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths,† tells the tale of a Chinese agent for the Germans against the English during the first World War. In this short story, Yu Tsun (the spy) learns that a fellow agent has been eliminated. This means that he will undoubtedly be the next to be arrested and killed. This will probably happen before the end of the day. Yu Tsun has a mission that must be performed: send the name of the city containing the English air base to Berlin without the message being intercepted before he is captured. Yu Tsun, although a flawed hero, is the storys hero nonetheless, and the story outlines his attempt to fulfill his mission. Borges short story follows a mythological structure using Joseph Campbells three main stages of the heros journey: departure, initiation, and return. Along the way, Yu Tsun, quite by accident, discovers a tale of multiple paths, labyrinths both physical and metaphorical. He learns of the concept of how multiple choices can lead to multiple realities. Even so, at the end, it appears that his fate has already been determined, and he has reached the last fork in his lifes path. Jorge Luis Borges uses this simple wartime spy story as a frame to tell a tale of philosophy, multiple worlds, and inescapable destiny. The storys narrative begins with what turns out to be a spys confessional. The surface story tells of his mission and how he seeks to accomplish it in the face of obstacles. A mythological analysis says that the story has a heros departure. It also says that the story has a call to adventure or â€Å"call to some high historical undertaking† (Campbell 51), a brief refusal of the call, a starting point when the call is accepted, and guides on the journeys path . The story goes on as the spy departs for another location to carry out his mission. Time is running out and there is no way of escape. A deeper look into the story shows the initiation that takes the flawed hero to a different dimension (metaphorically). It also shows the hero as he seeks to capture the great prize (in his case, obtained by performing a seemingly impossible task). At the end of the story, the pursuer of the spy finds the spys whereabouts. The spy is ultimately captured even as he completes his mission. Metaphorically, there is a return, the leaving of the other world and the bringing back of the prize. These are performed by the hero with (in a variation) unwitting help in the form of an opposing force. In the story, Borges tells of paths that diverge and converge, â€Å"diverse futures, diverse times which themselves also proliferate and fork† (267). So, too, a mythological critical analysis of the story reveals a multi-layered path. The author of â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths† converges the storys multiple threads throughout the tale by use of the three main features of the heros journey. In spite of its unorthodox structure, the application of the simple mythological pattern of the heros adventure is evidenced in the storys tripartite divisions into departure, initiation, return in â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths† by Jorge Luis Borges. Yu Tsun is alerted to the fact that Captain Richard Madden, â€Å"[a]n Irishman at the service of England,† is in Viktor Runebergs (a fellow agent) apartment (263). This telephone call metaphorically serves as a herald that a change is on the horizon, â€Å"Maddens presence in Viktor Runebergs apartment meant the end of our anxieties and also the end of our lives†(263). In this instance, while the adventure has already started in one sense (he is already an agent), he reaches the threshold of something different. He is certain that the end is near, and â€Å"it seemed to [him] that that day should be the one of [his] inexorable death† (263). He becomes depressed â€Å"in the midst of [his] hatred and terror,† not seeing anyway to fulfill his mission (264). He says that he â€Å"must flee,† but what can he do in the short amount of time he believes he has left (264)? At this moment, the situation seems hopeless; he appears helpless and unable to complete his mission. However, â€Å"[s]omethingperhaps the mere vain ostentation of proving [his] resources were nilmade [him] look through [his] pockets†(264). He finds, among other things, a â€Å"revolver with one bullet†(264). This gives him the idea that â€Å"a pistol report can be heard at a great distance†(264). The â€Å"something† could be related in a mythological sense to supernatural aid. While atypical because there is no form (of either flesh or spirit), it is help from a source outside of his conscious thought (264). He looks in the telephone book for a name and formulates a plan that is not immediately revealed to the reader. He sets out on his journey and goes to the train station. He gets in his seat and the train begins to move when he sees â€Å"[a] man whom [he] recognized running in vain to the end of the platform† (264-265). The man is his pursuerCaptain Richard Madden. Yu Tsun is frightened and â€Å"shrank into the far corner of the seat, away from the dreaded window† (265). On the surface, this may look to be merely a narrow escape, but a mythological perspective takes a deeper look. This could be viewed as a parallel to crossing the first threshold and going into the unknown past a hostile guard. In The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Joseph Campbell says that, â€Å"[t]he adventure is always and everywhere a passage beyond the veil of the known into the unknown; the powers that watch at the boundary are dangerous; to deal with them is risky; yet for anyone with competence and courage the danger fades†(82). This is not a perfect parallel, for the battle with the gatekeeper (who in this case is also the heros main adversary) is only won by the heros punctuality, not his skill and cunning, and the danger does not fade but is only delayed until the next train. As Yu Tsun gets to his seat, he notices his fellow travelers. They include â€Å"a few farmers, a woman dressed in mourning, a young boy who was reading with fervor the Annals of Tacitus, a wounded and happy soldier† (264). There is nothing interesting at face value. But, in this story, nothing should be aken at face value. Rene de Costa, a professor of romance languages at the University of Chicago and the author of Humor in Borges (Wayne), says, â€Å"This last qualifier is momentarily in tension with the first, but only until we realize why the wounded soldier is happy. He is happy to be still alive. Indeed, for this soldier, the war is happily over. The traveling widow probably collects a pension, and the student at leis ure is handily avoiding military service by dutifully studying the cyclical dynastic wars in imperial Rome. The overall thrust of this story is not comic but ironic† (Costa). He gets off the train at the Ashgrove station. A boy at the station asks if he is â€Å"going to Dr. Stephen Alberts house,† and then he tells him he â€Å"wont get lost if [he] take[s] this road to the left and at every crossroads turn again to [his] left† (265). For Yu Tsun, these directions brings to mind that â€Å"such was the common procedure for discovering the central point of certain labyrinths† (265). This gets him to thinking of his ancestor Tsui Pen, â€Å"who renounced worldly power in order to write a novel nd to construct a labyrinth in which all men would become lost† (265). He goes on with these thoughts until he comes to the house. Dr. Albert meets him at the door, and addressing Yu Tsun â€Å"in [his] own language† assumes that he â€Å"no doubt wish[es] to see the garden† (266). Yu Tsun learns that the garden Dr. Albert refers to is â€Å"the garden of forking paths† of his â€Å"ancestor Tsui Pen† (266). Yu Tsun follows him inside, and decides that his â€Å"irrevocable determination could wait† (266). This scene could be viewed metaphorically as a brief refusal of the call, if for only a few minutes. While this is not the usual place to find a refusal in the sequence of events (showing the story to have an unorthodox structure), Campbell says â€Å"[t]he myths and folk tales of the whole world make clear that the refusal is essentially a refusal to give up what one takes to be ones own interest† (59-60). This instance certainly falls under that category. Dr. Stephen Albert, â€Å"a Sinologist† brings his guest inside and they sit down together (266). Yu Tsun hears of his ancestor, Tsui Pen, and his choice to â€Å"close himself up for thirteen years in the Pavilion of the Limpid Solitude. When he died, his heirs found nothing save chaotic manuscripts. His family wished to condemn them to the fire; but his executora Taoist or Buddhist monkinsisted on their publication† (266). Yu Tsun is already aware of this, and says that he and the other descendants â€Å"continue to curse that monk The book is an indeterminate heap of contradictory drafts in the third chapter the hero dies, in the fourth he is alive† (266). The heirs of Tsui Pen look at the surface of events and see only confusion. Yu Tsun goes physically through the complicated path to Alberts house and began his journey into a world of unfamiliar ideas. Metaphorically, this can be related to the beginning of the initiation stage of the heros journey. Campbell says, â€Å"[o]nce having traversed the threshold, the hero moves in a dream landscape of curiously fluid, ambiguous forms† (97). Albert then says that the missing labyrinth is â€Å"of symbols [a]n invisible labyrinth of time† (266). Albert points out that â€Å"no one in the vast territories that were his came upon the labyrinth† so, â€Å"the confusion of the novel suggest[s] to [him] that it [is] the maze† (266). Albert has â€Å"questioned the ways in which a book can be infinite† (266). Alberts thoughts turn to â€Å"that night which is at the middle of the Thousand and One Nights when Scheherazade (through a magical oversight of the copyist) begins to relate word for word the story of the Thousand and One Nights, establishing the risk of coming once again to the night when she must repeat it, and thus on to infinity† (267). This instance in the Thousand and One Nights corresponds to the complexity woven into â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths. Both stories have an unorthodox structure with a frame story, and stories within the main story being told. Evelyn Fishburn, author of â€Å"Traces of the Thousand and One Nights in Borges (Iowa),† et al, says, â€Å"[i]n a traditional labyrinth you have to turn, and turn, and turn again until you find the centre (or the way out). These turns are diversions (Latin divertere) which mean both to amuse and to turn aside. The Nights mission was to draw attention away from a serious concern (diversion) through entertainment (diversion) For Scheherazade t is a life-saving operation; her tales are what delays the moment of her execution†(Fishburn). Albert is also delaying Yu Tsun from his objective with his tale, although in this instance the delay is unintentional. Albert then shows Yu Tsun â€Å"a fragment of a letter [he] discovered† (267). The words left by Tsui Pen are â€Å"I leave to the various futures (not to all) my garden of forking paths† (267, italics). This passage illuminates for Albert that â€Å" the garden of forking paths [is] the chaotic novel; the various futures (not to all) the forking in time, not in space† (267).

The Role of Propaganda in Animal Farm free essay sample

Propaganda is the act of perverting information in order to influence the thoughts or actions of others. Propaganda is used in order to accomplish goals which cannot be attained in more honorable or more principled ways. In the novel, Animal Farm, George Orwell’s characters use various examples of propaganda in order to achieve and promote their own selfish desires. Animal Farm is an allegory using a farm as a metaphor of communist Russia under Stalin. The pigs in the novel, or Stalin’s supporters, use propaganda to persuade the other animals to revolt against Farmer Jones, who represents the Czar. Throughout the duration of the Russian Revolution, propaganda served the purpose of keeping Russia under Stalin’s control. After the revolution on the farm, the pigs exploit propaganda to obtain the power of the farm. The following will present examples of how propaganda is used, and what techniques are most prominent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Propaganda in Animal Farm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scapegoat is the foremost example of propaganda used in the book. Scapegoat is when all of the tribulations and disasters that transpire are attributed to an individual or group. Scapegoat is used frequently in alliance with quick fix – a fast and easy solution to all problems that are occurring in the present time. At the beginning of the novel, we find that when Old Major, the prize Middle White boar, attempts to illustrate his dream, he exclaims, â€Å"There, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word – Man. Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene †¦ and overwork is abolished forever. † Thus, man serves as the scapegoat for all the animals’ woes. Instead of attempting to look within to find how to solve a problem, it is often easier to cast blame on another. Therefore, â€Å"Man† becomes the perfect scapegoat. Again, we find in the middle of the book that when Napoleon, the pig who represents Stalin, wanted to expand his control, he evicts Snowball, another pig who is meant to parallel Trotzky. Napoleon then scapegoats him by placing all the farm’s faults upon him. The simple, dense animals thus have no choice other than to rely on Napoleon even more out of their loathsomeness for Snowball. For example, after days of laborious and strenuous labor of constructing the windmill, a storm pulverizes it. While scrutinizing the ruins, Napoleon concludes, â€Å"Snowball! †¦ Snowball has done this thing! I now pronounce the death penalty upon him! † This statement illustrates how Napoleon exploits Snowball as a scapegoat. In another example, towards the end of the book, Napoleon again blames his own errors on a scapegoat – Frederick, the neighbor. Napoleon sold Frederick a pile of lumber, to which was paid for with forged counterfeit bank notes. â€Å"The news of what hap pened sped around the farm like wildfire. The bank notes were forgeries! Frederick had got the timber for nothing! Napoleon called the animals together and†¦ pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. When captured, he said, Frederick should be boiled alive. † Napoleon had the obligation to inspect the bank notes before he accepted them for the huge amount of lumber that he gave him. Here again Napoleon uses this manner of propaganda to avoid the scrutiny of the other animals and cast blame on someone else rather than to accept any responsibility on himself. Through all of these scapegoats used by Napoleon and the pigs, the simple farm animals were unable to realize how they were deceitfully misled, and did not comprehend what actually occurred. The next most common form of propaganda is red herring. This is a distraction used to get the audience to stray from the original topic of discussion in order to avoid from either dealing with or solving a problem. In the beginning of the novel, after the animal’s revolution, the cows produce five buckets of creamy milk which many animals desired. When they inquire of the milk’s usage, Napoleon responds, â€Å"‘Never mind the milk, comrades! ’†¦ ‘The harvest is more important. ’† When the animals returned it was noticed that the milk had disappeared. The animals did not receive any portion of this delicacy. Thus, we see that the shrewd and cunning boar used the harvest as a ‘red herring’. Then later on, Squealer, the hog who plays the part of the propaganda minister, and the other pigs assure the other animals that saving all the milk and apples for themselves was not their own choice: â€Å"You don’t imagine†¦ that we pigs are doing this in a spirit of selfishness and privilege? Many of us actually dislike milk and apples. I dislike them myself. Our sole object†¦ is to preserve our health. Do you know what would happen if we fail our duty? Jones would come back! † By mentioning their recent master as an excuse for keeping the apples and milk, Squealer distracts the animals from the reality of the pig’s selfishness. The pigs use Jones as a ‘red herring’ numerous times throughout the novel. For example, we find a little later when Squealer warns the animals, â€Å"Discipline! †¦ Iron discipline! †¦ One false step and our enemies would be upon us. Surely, comrades, you don’t want Jones back? † Again, when the pigs begin to sleep on beds, which is against the spirit of the revolution, Squealer justifies this by saying, â€Å"You would not have us too tired to carry out our duties? Surely none of you wishes to see Jones back? † The pigs use this form of red herring many times, whether relevant or not to the situation. The third instance of red herring in the book is after Frederick sprung an attack on Animal Farm. This encounter, known as the Battle of the Windmill caused a great amount of casualties to both sides. The humans slew and injured many animals, and in return, Boxer, the enormous cart-horse, a beast nearly eighteen hands high, provided them with three â€Å"heads broken by blows from (his mighty) hoofs. † Immediately, after the clash, however, to the animal’s surprise, they hear a â€Å"solemn booming of a gun. â€Å"‘What is that gun firing for? ’ said Boxer. ‘To celebrate our victory! cried Squealer. ‘What victory? ’ ‘What victory, comrade? Have we not driven the enemy off our soil†¦? ’† This red herring is to assure the animals of how brilliant their â€Å"Comrade Napoleon† was, and that even after a defeat, they still praise and appreciate him. As we see, red herring is used to cause forgetfulness on a to pic, which the user knows is false, to discourage attention. A final example of propaganda in the novel is sloganism. Sloganism consists of a brief and concise catchy maxim that is simple to retain. Because of this, it is declared and believed by all. The first example of this occurs in the beginning of the book after the revolution. The pigs construct â€Å"Seven Commandments† to which all animals that belong to Animal Farm must obey. The first of the six reads as following: â€Å"Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy† and the second law of â€Å"Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. † This, however, was difficult to remember, so the sheep originate a slogan – â€Å"Four legs good, two legs bad. † This locution creates a hatred for all humanity, thus expanding their faith to the higher authority – the pigs and Napoleon. The next illustration of this form of propaganda that transpires is Boxer’s simple but sincere mottoes of â€Å"Napoleon is always right† and â€Å"I will work harder. † This honest beast was sadly indoctrinated by Napoleon to believe this. However, Napoleon still desired to be relieved of him, for his huge muscles and incorruptible reputation might eventually cause a revolt. Therefore, he instructed his massive and vicious dogs to attack him, but Boxer easily set them off. Once Boxer’s lung became seriously impaired, Napoleon takes the opportunity to rid himself of this animal. He sends for a horse slaughterer to secure him, thus making a profit to which was spent in whisky. Boxer’s second maxim, â€Å"I will work harder,† shows that he places the blame to many occurrences on himself. For example, after Napoleon cruelly murdered many poor, innocent animals for â€Å"sins† which they never took part in, Boxer says sadly, â€Å"I don’t understand it. The solution, as I see it, is to work harder. From now onward, I shall get up one hour earlier in the mornings. † This is the opinion of a simple, honest peasant in the times of Stalin’s rule. The third case of sloganism, which occurs many times in the book, is â€Å"Death to Humanity! † This was created by Napoleon while trying to convince the animals of Snowball’s intention during the Battle of the Cowshed. Squealer, of whom Orwell narrates, â€Å"He could turn black into white,† convinced the animals that Snowball was leagued with the humans. â€Å"Do you not remember how, just as the moment Jones and his men had got inside the yard, Snowball turned and fled?.. and do you not remember†¦ that Comrade Napoleon sprang forward with a cry of ‘Death to Humanity! † Afterward, this slogan was modified to â€Å"Death to Frederick† when rumor had it he was approaching with twenty men to engage in fighting. Sloganism is an essential form of propaganda in the book because the animals’ intellectual capacity is not very great. This encouraged them to fall back on slogans, for they were capable of comprehending these. In conclusion, this essay portrayed examples of how propaganda is used in the novel, Animal Farm. Frequently, when the public or addressees are obtuse, the speaker or leader can unfortunately convince or entirely alter a person or entity’s sentiment. Napoleon, with the help of Squealer and the other pigs, swayed, affected and influenced every animal’s thoughts and beliefs on Animal Farm using propaganda as a fundamental instrument. Napoleon had the authority to do as he wished, which proves that absolute power can be completely corrupt and crooked. I predict that just as Absolutism by communist Russia and Stalin’s regime collapsed, so to with Animal Farm. Hopefully, farmers will learn the lesson of respecting their animals as Jones unfortunately failed to do, for then such a revolution would never have occurred.